The role of libraries and of use of published materials also becomes 
interesting.
I believe that in the UK, academic libraries are either exempt, or 
pay a fee for copyright.

I believe it is legit., for certain teaching purposes, to photocopy 
scientific articles.  I am not sure whether the 'teacher' must 
collect the copies after class.

Publishers can waive their copyright, of course.  They can also let 
you copy the material for a 'fee'.  I tried this once, for an article 
in a journal published by a scientific society.  They refused me 
permission to make multiple copies (25), but offered to provide them 
for me at £2.75 each (about $4.50).  They said it 'was a popular 
article'!!
Russ Allison, Wales